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Pharmacology Of Red Peppers(Capsicum annuum)
Phytochemicals produced by red peppers and their medicinal properties.
Ezekiel 47:12 "And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine."
Nicknames: "Crushed Red Pepper"; "Red Pepper";
Ethnobotany: What is Ethnobotany? According to Stetson University, Ethnobotany is defined as: "The study of the practical uses of plants within a particular region or culture, focusing on traditional knowledge and customs regarding medicinal, religious, and other applications."(Via: Stetson.EDU) Ethnobotany has major biblical, cultural, and industrial implications. It's a pre-requisit to phytochemistry, as the two fields of study are closely related to one another and co-dependent.
Classification: Culinary;
Plant Family: Solanaceae[5][6] Genus: Capsicum[5][6] Species: C. annuum[5][6] O.G. Observation: Other plants in the Solanaceae genus include: Belladonna(), Henbane(), Datura(Brugmansia arborea), Mandrake, Tobacco, Tomatoes, Eggplants, Potatoes
What is Phytochemistry? It has everything to do with Red Pepper that's being discussed on this blog. Phytochemistry is defined as: "Phytochemistry is the study of the chemistry of substances found in plants."(Via: https://ibs.upm.edu.my/content/phytochemistry-34443) See also: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/
Phytochemicals: What are Phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are miraculous drugs and medicines produced by plants(ethnobotanicals).[1][2][3][4] They are studied in the laboratory for their complex medicinal properties.[1][2][3][4] If you're still confused about what a phytochemical is, please see my blog titled: difference-between-research-chemicals-and-phytochemicals.html
List Of Phytochemicals Produced By Red Peppers(): fatty acids[7], polyphenols[7], phenols (such as: caffeic acid[7] and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol[7]); capsinoids[7] (capsiate[7] and dihydrocapsiate[7]); carotenoids[7] (β-carotene[7], capsorubin[7], antheraxanthin[7], and β-cryptoxanthin[7]); sesquiterpenoids[7] (canusesnol F[7]); flavones[7] (luteolin[7], luteolin-apiosylacetyl–glucoside[7], apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside[7], and vitexin[7]); flavonols[7] (isoquercetin[7], rutin[7], kaempferol-3-O-glucoside[7], kaempherol[7], and myricetin[7]); flavan-3-ols[7] (catechin[7]); vitamins[7] (ascorbic acid[7] and tocopherol[7]); and capsaicinoids[7] (nordihydrocapsaicin[7], capsaicin[7], and dihydrocapsaicin[7]).
O.G. Observations: Right off the bat I notice a few things. I've been learning about these subjects for many years so I pick up on patterns. I know that Damiana(Turnera diffusa) also produces Caffeic acid, as do Red Peppers.[17][7] Echinacea purpurea also produces polyphenols.[x] Catechin is very common, and is found in Cacao[13], Green Tea[14], Coffee[15], and Kratom[16], as well as Red Peppers.[7]
Pharmacological / Medicinal Properties: "The antioxidant activity was further improved when the extract was loaded into liposomes. Moreover, the extract promoted the expression of endogenous antioxidants, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase through the Nrf-2 pathway evaluated by RT-PCR."[7] Why are antioxidants imporant? "Every day, several factors, such as pollution, cigarette smoking, drugs, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption, can increase the production of free radicals and alter the homeostasis of the body. The increase in free radicals, resulting in oxidative stress, is implicated in the etiology of several major human ailments, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neural disorders, diabetes, and arthritis.[7] Antioxidants protect against free-radicals and the oxidative stress that they cause.[8]
O.G. Observations: I've always noticed that spicey foods seem to enhance the effects of Cannabis. I decided to investigate and look for scholarly information that may reveal to me why this seems to be a recurring pattern. I found the answers I was looking for. According to the National Library Of Medicine: "A fundamental subdivision of nociceptive sensory neurons is named after their unique sensitivity to capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in hot chili peppers, and these are called capsaicin-sensitive afferents.."[9] Combine that with the following quote from the NIH and we can start to see the connection that Peppers and spicey food have to the endocannabinoid system: "THC and cannabinol induce a CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor-independent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from capsaicin-sensitive perivascular sensory nerves."[10] This is a big deal because peptides are like internal drugs. "Peptides play an essential role in fundamental physiological processes and are necessary for many biochemical processes."[11] Finally, another clue: "It has been demonstrated in animal models that the endocannabinoid anandamide has anti-hyperalgesic properties upon capsaicin stimulation, albeit it also binds to vanilloid receptors."[12]
Mixes well with: Because of its synergy with cannabinoids and the cannabinoid system, Red peppers synergize well with: Cannabis, Cacao(Chocolate), Echinacea.
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Academic citations:
[1] National Library Of Medicine: Dietary Phytochemicals in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Applications—A Comprehensive Review | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11922683/ | PMCID: PMC11922683 PMID: 40115248
[7] Phytochemical Profile of Capsicum annuum L. cv Senise, Incorporation into Liposomes, and Evaluation of Cellular Antioxidant Activity | PMCID: PMC7278623 PMID: 32429083 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7278623/
[8] Harvard University: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-antioxidants
[9] The Mysteries of Capsaicin-Sensitive Afferents | Michael J M Fischer, Cosmin I Ciotu, Arpad Szallasi https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7772409/ PMCID: PMC7772409 PMID: 33391007
[10] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6758782/ Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinol Activate Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves via a CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor-Independent Mechanism | Peter M Zygmunt, David A Andersson, Edward D Högestätt. PMCID: PMC6758782 PMID: 12040079
[11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562260/ Forbes J, Krishnamurthy K. Biochemistry, Peptide. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from:
[12] Roman Rukwied, Allan Watkinson, Francis McGlone, Melita Dvorak, Cannabinoid agonists attenuate capsaicin-induced responses in human skin, Pain, Volume 102, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 283-288, ISSN 0304-3959, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00401-3. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304395902004013)
[13] (-)-Catechin in cocoa and chocolate: occurrence and analysis of an atypical flavan-3-ol enantiomer https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17909484/
[14] Beneficial Properties of Green Tea Catechins | PMCID: PMC7084675 PMID: 32143309 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084675/
[15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523053583
[16] Discovery of procyanidin condensed tannins of (-)-epicatechin from Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, as virucidal agents against SARS-CoV-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38866269/
[17] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874114000658
[2] Balick, Michael J., and Paul Alan Cox. Plants, people, and culture: the science of ethnobotany. Garland Science, 2020.
[3] Tyler, Varro E, et al. Pharmacognosy 1988 (9th Edition)
[4] Swerdlow, Joel L. Nature's Medicine : Plants That Heal. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 2000.
Encyclopedia Sources:
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum_annuum
[6] https://www.britannica.com/plant/Capsicum-annuum
Other resources:
M.A.P.S. Ethnobotanical Studies By Scholars
National Library Of Medicine https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
PubChem - pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov