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Hops(Humulus lupulus)
Hops is a relative of Cannabis!(Marijuana!)
Ezekiel 47:12 "And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine."
Nicknames: Hops;
Ethnobotany: What is Ethnobotany? According to Stetson University, Ethnobotany is defined as: "The study of the practical uses of plants within a particular region or culture, focusing on traditional knowledge and customs regarding medicinal, religious, and other applications."(Via: Stetson.EDU) Ethnobotany has major biblical, cultural, and industrial implications. It's a pre-requisite to phytochemistry, as the two fields of study are closely related to one another and are co-dependent. Having gotten those definitions out of the way, let us delve into the fascinating ethnobotany of Hops. In the Middle Ages it was observed that Hops pickers got tired very easily and quickly, thus leading to the eventual realization that the drug is a sedative.[3] A phytochemical component known as 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol[15] is believed to be responsible, and after drying the concentration of this compound increases, reaching .15% after a couple of years at room temperature.[3] It behaves sort of like Cannabis in this sense, as this is similar to the decarboxylation of cannabinoids. For as long as anyone can remember, Hops has been known for its: anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, as well as diuretic, digestive, sedative, progestogenic properties, even being considered a cure for insomnia.[19]
Classification: Sedative;[3] Euphoriant(Intoxicant)[3]
Plant Family: Cannabaceae[6] Genus: Humulus[6] Species: H. lupulus[6]
Native To: Hops is a perennial, herbaceous, twining vine that is native to Europe.[17] It's also native to western Asia and is currently grown in North and South America, Africa, Asia and Australia, and has become naturalized in many other areas.[18]
Harvest Notes: Hops is harvested in September, when its ripe.[3]
Hops is used in Beer: I first noticed that two specific brands of beer from the Netherlands(Amsterdam) had a taste and aroma that reminded me heavily of pot(Marijuana). Later on I found out that Hops and Cannabis(Marijuana) are actually relatives.[7] "The hop plant, Humulus lupulus, belongs to the family Cannabinaceae, which also contains the genus Cannabis.[7] I was immediately elated as I made the connection that this was the reason that I could have sworn that the Heineken brand and Grolsch brands of beer that come out of the Netherlands taste like pot. They taste like pot because the Hops that these two brands are using is clearly top shelf. I've never had any other brands of beer that reminded me of the smell or taste of Cannabis. I don't get paid to say this nor am I related or affiliated to them. Just an honest O.G. Observation.
Hops is a relative of Marijuana! I was very excited the first time that I found out that Hops is actually related to Cannabis![7] I'm going to order some the next time I make a purchase from HerbCo. Both Hops and Marijuana produce the terpene called Myrcene[8][9]. "In brewing, β-myrcene is one of the most potent aromatic flavour components of hop essential oils and in all analysed hop varieties is considered the most odour-active volatile.[5] The National Library Of Medicine source that I just cited on the previous quote goes on to state that: "Myrcene largely determines the “green hop aroma” in beer and is a primary substance in dry hopped beers, with a “herbaceous, resinous, green, balsamic, fresh hop” like odour. It is also the major constituent of hop essential oil and can constitute as much as 70% of the essential oil by volume. In addition to the flavour of hops, β-myrcene contributes significantly to cannabis aromas, and may function analogously to the endocannabinoid system. β-Myrcene characteristically gives cannabis strains a mildly sweet flavour profile and provides scent notes that are spicy, earthy and musky. Cannabis strains which contain high concentrations of myrcene (>0.5% myrcene), are likely to induce sedative qualities (“couch-lock effect”), which are classically attributed to Cannabis indica Lam (a synonym of C. sativa L.) strains."[5]
What is Phytochemistry? It has everything to do with the Hops plant that's being discussed on this blog. Phytochemistry is defined as: "Phytochemistry is the study of the chemistry of substances found in plants."(Via: https://ibs.upm.edu.my/content/phytochemistry-34443) See also: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/
Phytochemicals: What are Phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are miraculous drugs and medicines produced by plants(ethnobotanicals).[1][2][3][4] They are studied in the laboratory for their complex medicinal properties.[1][2][3][4] If you're still confused about what a phytochemical is, please see my blog titled: difference-between-research-chemicals-and-phytochemicals.html
Phytochemicals Produced By Hops Plant: myrcene[5], humulene[11], xanthohumol[12], myrcenol[13] and linalool.[14] Hops produces: humulones and lupulones (which gives the characteristic aroma and bitter taste, and preserves this golden drink against growing bacteria and molds).[10] In terms of percentages, the principal constituents of Hops are contained in a volatile oil(0.3 to 1%) and a resinous fraction(30%).[3] It produces B-Myrcene(30-50%), humulene(15 to 25%), esters of myrcenol, linalool, and other minor constituents.[3] 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol is also produced by the Hops plant.[3][15] "Hop substances are potential alternatives, e.g., in antimicrobial, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and hormone replacement therapy treatments, as well as insecticides, preservatives, and fragrances."[16] Humulus lupulus(Hops) also produces: antioxidants, mainly polyphenols.[19] According to one journal on the National Library Of Medicine website: "As for polyphenols, they can be classified into: flavonols (quercitin and kaempherol), flavon-3-oils (the main ones being catechin, epicatechin, proanthocyanidins), phenolic carboxylic acids (ferulic acid) and, in lesser quantities, prenyl flavonoids such as xanthohumol (0.1–1% on dry weight) [8,9] and isoxanthohumol."[19]
Pharmacological / Medicinal Properties: Prenylated flavanones found in Hops show extraordinary estrogen activities.[10] "The strongest known phytoestrogen so far is 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), which along with 6-prenylanaringenin (6-PN), 6,8-diprenylnaringenin (6,8-DPN) and 8-geranylnaringenin (8-GN) are fundamental for the potent estrogen activity of Hops."[10] Hop phytoestrogens shows numerous health benefits associated with their wide spectrum of biological activities including estrogenic, anticancer, neuropreventive, antinflamatory, and antimicrobial properties.[10]
The Pharmacology Of Humulene: Humulene is a specific phytochemical produced by hops that I'll be discussing here. According to one study: "Intraperitoneal administration of α -humulene (50 – 200 mg/kg) exhibited cannabimimetic properties through cannabinoid 1 and adenosine A2a receptors. α -humulene also exhibited a multitude of properties with potential scope for therapeutic utilisation.[11] "The isolation and extraction of α -humulene from its botanical sources have been refined over time. Modern techniques, such as steam distillation, are employed to capture the volatile essential oils containing this sesquiterpene. Its abundance in various botanical sources makes it a subject of interest for both traditional and modern medicinal applications. "[11]
The same study I just quoted and cited in the previous paragraph above[11] also looked into various species and their humulene content by percentage, and here are those results: (Oddly enough, Hops ranks #3, not #1)
The Pharmacology Of Linalool: According to research: "Evidence of the linalool activity on the central nervous system, mainly acting as an antidepressant agent, is increasingly abundant."[20] Linalool produces anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic actions.[20] "Linalool acts on monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems, inflammatory process, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF, resulting in considerable advances in the knowledge of the etiology of depression."[20] The terpene linalool gives lavender its distinctive floral scent.[21] "The floral fragrance of linalool could assist with the anxiety through aromatherapy."[22] "Linalool is an acyclic monoterpene that exists as two enantiomers in nature, (R)-(–)-linalool and (S)-(+)-linalool."[23] One NIH source states that: "Evidence suggests that linalool exerts neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects in the brain. For example, one study showed that linalool increased uncoupled mitochondrial respiration as a protective mechanism against glutamate hyper-stimulation in a neuronal cell line (HT-22) and in rodent hippocampal slices, resulting in reduced neuronal cell death."[23]
The Pharmacology Of Xanthohumol: Studies have proven the anticarcinogenic properties of Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone produced by the Hop (Humulus lupulus) plant.[24] It's a type of phytochemical. "Xanthohumol is able to scavenge reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl- and peroxyl radicals, and to inhibit superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide production."[24] "As potential antitumor-promoting mechanisms, it demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 activity and is antiestrogenic without possessing intrinsic estrogenic potential."[24]
O.G. Observations: Coming soon!
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Academic citations:
[1] National Library Of Medicine: Dietary Phytochemicals in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Applications—A Comprehensive Review | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11922683/ | PMCID: PMC11922683 PMID: 40115248
[5] Surendran, S., Qassadi, F., Surendran, G., Lilley, D., & Heinrich, M. (2021). Myrcene—what are the potential health benefits of this flavouring and aroma agent?. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, 699666. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8326332/
[7] https://academics.hamilton.edu/foodforthought/Our_Research_files/hops.pdf [Scan PDF's with VirusTotal.com]
[8] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7763918/ Sommano, S. R., Chittasupho, C., Ruksiriwanich, W., & Jantrawut, P. (2020). The cannabis terpenes. Molecules, 25(24), 5792.
[9] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10214682/ Chen, X., Wang, M. Y., Deng, C. H., Beatson, R. A., Templeton, K. R., Atkinson, R. G., & Nieuwenhuizen, N. J. (2023). The hops (Humulus lupulus) genome contains a mid-sized terpene synthase family that shows wide functional and allelic diversity. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1), 280.
[10] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7570471/ Tronina, Tomasz, Jarosław Popłoński, and Agnieszka Bartmańska. "Flavonoids as phytoestrogenic components of hops and beer." Molecules 25.18 (2020): 4201.
[11] The Clinical Translation of α -humulene – A Scoping Review | Nishaanth Dalavaye, Martha Nicholas, Manaswini Pillai, Simon Erridge, Mikael H Sodergren | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11254484/ | PMCID: PMC11254484 PMID: 38626911
[12] Xanthohumol—A Miracle Molecule with Biological Activities: A Review of Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers and Naturally Derived Compounds for Its Delivery https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10970401/ PMCID: PMC10970401 PMID: 38542371
[13] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Myrcenol
[14] Tusha, K., Nešpor, J., Jelínek, L., Vodičková, H., Kinčl, T., & Dostálek, P. (2022). Effect of Czech hop varieties on aroma of dry-hopped lager beer. Foods, 11(16), 2520. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9407075/
[15] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol
[16] Korpelainen, Helena, and Maria Pietiläinen. "Hop (Humulus lupulus L.): Traditional and present use, and future potential." Economic botany 75.3 (2021): 302-322.
[17] NC State University:
[18] Harvard University: https://www.huh.harvard.edu/book/humulus-lupulus-l-or-hops
[19] Zugravu, C. A., Bohiltea, R. E., Salmen, T., Pogurschi, E., & Otelea, M. R. (2022). Antioxidants in hops: bioavailability, health effects and perspectives for new products. Antioxidants, 11(2), 241. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8868281/
[20] dos Santos, É. R., Maia, J. G. S., Fontes-Júnior, E. A., & do Socorro Ferraz Maia, C. (2022). Linalool as a therapeutic and medicinal tool in depression treatment: a review. Current Neuropharmacology, 20(6), 1073-1092.
[21] Arizona State University: https://healthsciences.arizona.edu/news/releases/study-shows-cannabis-terpenes-provide-pain-relief-contribute-entourage-effect
[22] Sommano, S. R., Chittasupho, C., Ruksiriwanich, W., & Jantrawut, P. (2020). The cannabis terpenes. Molecules, 25(24), 5792. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7763918/
[23] Weston-Green, Katrina, Helen Clunas, and Carlos Jimenez Naranjo. "A review of the potential use of pinene and linalool as terpene-based medicines for brain health: discovering novel therapeutics in the flavours and fragrances of cannabis." Frontiers in psychiatry 12 (2021): 583211. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8426550/
[24] Gerhauser, C., Alt, A., Heiss, E., Gamal-Eldeen, A., Klimo, K., Knauft, J., ... & Becker, H. (2002). Cancer chemopreventive activity of xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hop. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 1(11), 959-969.
[2] Balick, Michael J., and Paul Alan Cox. Plants, people, and culture: the science of ethnobotany. Garland Science, 2020.
[3] Tyler, Varro E, et al. Pharmacognosy 1988 (9th Edition)
[4] Swerdlow, Joel L. Nature's Medicine : Plants That Heal. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 2000.
Encyclopedia Sources:
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus_lupulus
Other resources:
M.A.P.S. Ethnobotanical Studies By Scholars
National Library Of Medicine https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
PubChem - pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov