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Chuchuhuasi (Maytenus krukovii)
Maytenus macrocarpa. Cathinone, cathine, stimulant, adrenals.
Ezekiel 47:12 "And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine."
Nicknames: Chuchuhuasi; Chuchuguasa[14] A closely related strain to Maytenus krukovii is called Maytenus boaria, which goes by the common name of "Maiten"[17] O.G. Observation: Related strains like this naturally share a lot of the same medicinal qualities and even phytochemistry.
Investigative Mission: After reading on Shaman-Australia forum that Chuchuhuasi produces the psychostimulant phytochemicals known as: cathinone and cathine(two stimulants that are produced by the illegal plant Khat(Catha edulis). I decided that I have to try it. Here's that url: https://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/index.php?/topic/19958-acacia-berlandieri-and-a-rigidula/ Here's something very interesting that I found via one academic source, which states: "Species of Maytenus and Gymnosporia from different regions were resolved as polyphyletic groups. Maytenus was resolved in three lineages (New World, African, and Austral-Pacific), while Gymnosporia was resolved in two lineages (New World and Old World). Putterlickia was resolved as nested within the Old World Gymnosporia. Catha edulis (qat, khat) was resolved as sister to the clade of Allocassine, Cassine, Lauridia, and Maurocenia. Gymnosporia cassinoides, which is reportedly chewed as a stimulant in the Canary Islands, was resolved as a derived member of Gymnosporia and is more closely related to Lydenburgia and Putterlickia than it is to Catha. Therefore, all eight of these genera are candidates for containing cathinone- and/or cathine-related alkaloids."[10] This proves that there are other cathinone producing species out there. I will keep hunting and I will update this page once the product arrives, and type up my experience report. Trial and error is the best way to get to the bottom of this. If it does produce these compounds, it will be obvious once consumed. I was able to find another Wikipedia article on Maytenus senegalensis that states it produces Cathinone and cathine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytenus_senegalensis It also states that it is an endangered species. This leads me to believe that it is in fact active. I'm determined to find an active strain in this genus and others, and when I do, I will blow the whistle on it. For those who are unaware, Cathinone and cathine are two psychoactive stimulants produced by the illegal plant known as Khat(Catha edulis), which produce effects similar to Kratom and or MDMA.[11]
Experience Report:(Vendor: Relax Remedy) I took my first dose at 12(noon), of what I eye-balled to be ~1 gram. By 2:41 I have consumed the entire 25grams that I purchased from Relax Remedy. I did not get paid for them for this review by the way. I for sure feel stimulated, and now more than ever. I can conclude that yes it is a stimulant, but as far as being a narcotic goes it only seems to produce mild narcotic-like properties in larger dosages. I feel as though I am coming up, and I occasionally catch myself wanting to subconsciously grind my teeth(a symptom associated with stimulant use, including kratom, MDMA, meth, etc). I feel alert, awake, but I woulnd't say that I feel "high". I feel a subtle psuedo-high that is far less intense than Kratom or Ephedra for sure, but still very present. Different substances kick in at different durations. I feel more effects off of the powdered bark now than I have throughout this entire experiment, which is to be expected. I will report back in an hour or so and see if the effects have intensified. I do suspect that based on what I have experienced that there may be very small amounts of cathinone produced by this species, but it would require a high dose just to get any narcotic effects. I've consumed the entire 25 grams in a couple of hours. If you tried that with Kratom you would be puking, because it is far more potent. I feel like if I just took all 25 grams in one dose, that I would have a narcotic buzz right now. I have spaced the doses out. It's for sure present, but not quite narcotic(almost). I don't feel jittery, nor does my heart feel like it's pounding scarily, nor do I feel overwhelmingly energized, rather just a calm, alert, focused energizing effect can be observed. I feel what I would describe as a psuedo-euphoria(not quite euphoric but like the effects are ALMOST there) Keep in mind that this is based off of one vendor alone, and that was: Relax Remedy. I will try other strains, and other suppliers. I also want to try it again with Passion flower as an MAOI to see if it is a totally different experience. I have also learned that this stuff is often added to Ayahuasca brews in the Amazon, which implies that the MAOI's in the brew may be activating a side of the Chuchuhuasi that is not activated when it is consumed by itself. I'm about to eat lunch(hot pocket, potatoe wedges), and will report back if I notice that eating causes the effects to amplify. I will experiment with tinctures in the future and report back.
Ethnobotany: What is Ethnobotany? According to Stetson University, Ethnobotany is defined as: "The study of the practical uses of plants within a particular region or culture, focusing on traditional knowledge and customs regarding medicinal, religious, and other applications."(Via: Stetson.EDU) Ethnobotany has major biblical, cultural, and industrial implications. It's a pre-requisite to phytochemistry, as the two fields of study are closely related to one another and co-dependent. Now that the definitions are out of the way, let's delve into the ethnobotany of Chuchuhuasi(M. krukovii). A closely related strain is known as Maytenus laevis is also referred to by the same common name of ''chuchuhuasi'', and is traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatism and cancer, as well as an aphrodisiac(sexual enhancer).[13] O.G. Observation: Ethnobotanicals/Drugs that tend to be aphrodisiac in nature, also tend to be stimulants and or are mildly psychoactive in some form(at least), from my experience. As far as the related strain known as Maiten(Maytenus boaria) goes, the leaves are used in ethnobotanical medicine(folk medicine) as an antipyretic and for skin allergic rash treatment.[17] "Leaves, roots, stems, and bark of plants of Maytenus genus such as Maytenus buxifolia (leaves), Maytenus camariensis (leaves), Maytenus emarginata (fruit), Maytenus heterophyla (leaves) are traditionally used due to their beneficial effects to health, such as antiulcer, diuretic, laxative, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, digestive, contraceptive, anti-diarrhea, antiallergic, antiasthmatic."[17] When you hear words like "traditionally", or "folk medicine", this is in reference to ethnobotanical medicine, and not modern scientific studies. These medicinal applications are what indigenous cultures believed these plants to be beneficial for, and they believed this based on their own observations, which don't lie. Shamans, Native Americans and other indigenous cultures learned by hands on experience about these medicines(by consuming them first hand), as they trained theirselves to tune in to the subtle pharmacology that these plants exhibited upon their minds, bodies, and souls.[18][19][20][21]
Native To: Amazonian basin(eru, Ecuador, Colombia)[3]; Other ethnobotanicals native to this area include: Banisteriopsis caapi, Bobinsana, Psychotria viridis, Chaliponga, Datura, and more.
Classification: Aphrodisiac;[13] Adrenal Support;[x] Ayahuasca-ingredient;[22][23][24] Immune support;[x]
Plant Family: Celastraceae[8]; Genus: Maytenus[8]; Species: M. macrocarpa[8]; Synonyms: Maytenus macrocarpa;[8] Celastrus macrocarpus[8], Maytenus chuchuhuasha[8], Maytenus krukovii[8], Maytenus multiflora[8], Maytenus multiflora[8], Maytenus tarapotensis[8], Monteverdia macrocarpa[8] The species Gymnosporia senegalensis is a synonym for Maytenus senegalensis, which is said to produce both cathinone and cathine. | Confusing Fact: Maytenus laevis is also referred to as Chuchuhuasi.[13]
Cultivation Pointers: "It is a very adaptable species to diverse types of environments, and generally grows associated with other species in different soil and climate conditions.[17]
What is Phytochemistry? It has everything to do with the Chuchuhuasi(M. krukovii) botanical being discussed on this blog. Phytochemistry is defined as: "Phytochemistry is the study of the chemistry of substances found in plants."(Via: https://ibs.upm.edu.my/content/phytochemistry-34443) See also: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/
Phytochemicals: What are Phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are miraculous drugs and medicines produced by plants(ethnobotanicals).[1][5][6][7] They are studied in the laboratory for their complex medicinal properties.[1][5][6][7] If you're still confused about what a phytochemical is, please see my blog titled: difference-between-research-chemicals-and-phytochemicals.html Chuchuhuasi(Maytenus krukovii) produces the following phytochemicals: phenoldienones (tingenone, 22-hydroxytingenone), a catechin (4'-methyl-(-)-epigallocatechin) and proanthocyanidins (Ouratea-proanthocyanidins A and B), among many others.[2] Also found in this plant: Triterpenes and dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenes were isolated from Chuchuhuasi.[3] "Among these, certain triterpenes have been demonstrated to be effective anticancer agents."[12] Research into the phytochemistry and pharmacology of a related strain known as Maytenus laevis shows that: pyridine-derived alkaloids, triterpenes, sterols, iridoids and phenolic compounds are also produced by this plant and are of great pharmacological interest.[13] Maytenus laevis's anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiparasitic and anticancer activities have been proven in preclinical studies.[13]
Phytochemicals found in Maytenus laevis: "Twenty compounds were isolated from solvent extracts of the two plant materials of M. laevis, in addition to a polymer which was characterised as trans-1, 4-polyisoprene (Gutta-percha). Six compounds were identified as novel and were given the names 22(β)-hydroxycelastrol, 22(α)-hydroxynetzahualcoyene, 2,22-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-15, 12-dioxo-5, 8-oxa-24, 30-dinor-5, 6-seco-friedelan-1,3,5(10)-trien-6-al (trivial name jujuborreal*), methyl 2, 3, 22α-trihydroxy-24, 25-dinorfriedelan-1,3,5(10),6,8,14-hexaen-29-oate, 15(β)-acetoxyfriedelane-1,3-dione, and (4R, 4aR, 6aR, 7aS, 8aR, 12aR, 12bS, 14aR, 14bS)- 4, 4a, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, 14a-heptamethyl-7-methyleneoctadecahydrobenzo[a]naphtho[2,1-f]azulene-1, 3(2H,14bH)-dione (trivial name 1,3-dioxocorredor-14,26-ene). The remaining fourteen compounds were not novel and composed of nine triterpenoids of friedelane, norfriedelane and aromatic-types including canophyllol, friedelane-1,3-dione, 28-hydroxyfriedelane-1,3-dione, netzahualcoyondiol, netzahualcoyone, pristimerin, celastrol, salaquinone A, regeol A, two steroids (stigmast-4-en-3-one and β-sitosterol), two simple phenolics (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) and one isocoumarin (± mellein).[14] Friedelane also exist in Maytenus macrocarpa(a.k.a. Maytenus krukovii).[15] "A set of friedelane triterpenoids has been isolated from the stem bark exudates of Maytenus macrocarpa(A synonym for Maytenus krukovii[It's the same plant]). It includes a new friedelan triterpene, together with the known compounds friedelin, 3-oxo-29-hydroxyfriedelane, 3-oxofriedelan-25-al, and canophyllol."[15] Friedelane triterpenoids are also found in a plant called: Anchietea pyrifolia.[16]
Pharmacology and Phytochemistry Of Maytenus boaria Leaves: Please note that the medicinal properties of various species of the same Genus tend to be the same. For example, Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are both technically Marijuana, and both produce a Marijuana high due to the shared phytochemicals that both species produce. The same can be expected(to some extent) with other plant Genus's(with exceptions). "Maytenus boaria leaves are an important source of phenolics compounds with antioxidant activity; These properties are observed in extracts and infusions. In addition, the extract of Maiten leaves produces the inhibition of pathogens Gram+ and Gram- bacteria, showing the great therapeutic potential of this plant used in folk medicine."[17] Maytenus boaria also demonstrates antimicrobial activity as extracts of Maiten(M. boaria) leaves can inhibit the growth of bacteria as Escherichia coli(E. coli!) and Listeria monocytogenes, among others![17] This is truly remarkable and illustrates the power of natural medicine. I don't know how many academic sources that I've looked at that illustrate how many ethnobotanicals can kill E. coli dead! That's remarkable!
Pharmacological / Medicinal Properties: Academic research has proven that extracts of the root bark demonstrate Antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.[2] "Extracts and selected pure compounds isolated from the leaves, roots, and stem bark showed antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities in vitro."[3] Various Maytenus spieces have been studied for their pharmacology and efficacy in the treatment of various diseases.[12] These species are commonly used as: antitumor, anti-septicaemia, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidative, antiulcer, antipathogenic, anti-proliferative and salivation-inducing drugs.[12] They're also used for: treating asthma, digestive tract diseases, rheumatism, and rheumatoid diseases.[12] "Antioxidant, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of medicinal plants have been attributed to phenolic compounds presence."[17] "Research reports suggest analgesic action by intermediation of opioid receptors, antipyretic effects, antiinflammatory and gastro protective actions."[26]
Related Strains: Maytenus laevis, Maytenus javensis, Monteverdia laevis
Pharmacology & Facts Related To Cathinone Specifically: Cathinone has a scientific name of: S(–)-α-aminopropiophenone.[25] Academic research shows that: "Cathinone operates through the same mechanism as amphetamine, i.e. it acts by releasing catecholamines from presynaptic storage sites."[25] According to the National Library Of Medicine: "Catecholamines are a class of molecules that act as neurotransmitters and hormones in various body regions"[27] The source that I just cited in the previous sentence goes on to state that: "These chemical messengers include dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. "[27] It's important to know that there's God-made cathinone, which exist naturally within plants like Khat(Catha edulis)[27], and then there's designer drug Cathinone's which are synthetic, man-made, and are potentially more dangerous.[28] "Synthetic cathinones are a class of lab-made stimulants chemically related to substances found in the khat plant."[28] The words "chemically related" and "lab-made" are critical to understand, as chemically related means "similar as the God-made version, but altered"[not the same] (made "in the likeness"[Exodus 20:4]). Please take special note of the phrase "lab-made stimulants", because I want people to understand that there's God-made drugs(ie ethnobotanicals like Khat, and the chemicals they create(phytochemicals)), and then there's man-made drugs(manufactured in pharma labs). The two are NOT the same thing.
O.G. Observations: When you purchase these things online, there's always a possibility that whoever is supplying them has mis-identified specimens. Chances are the ethnobotanical specimens being sold online are at least of the correct Genus, but it is mostly assumption that leads people to believe that they're in posession of what they believe they're in posession of. It's important for people who source these ethnobotanical specimens to do so properly, and do the research into which species grows where, so they can be sure that they're not mislabeling specimens and misleading consumers. However, Various species within any given genus do tend to produce the same constituents and have the same medicinal properties.
CaymanChem again with Cathinone: https://www.caymanchem.com/news/stimulant-use-and-abuse
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Academic citations:
[1] National Library Of Medicine: Dietary Phytochemicals in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Applications—A Comprehensive Review | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11922683/ | PMCID: PMC11922683 PMID: 40115248
[2] Gonzalez, J. G., Delle Monache, G., Delle Monache, F., & Marini-Bettolo, G. B. (1982). Chuchuhuasha—A drug used in folk medicine in the Amazonian and Andean areas. A chemical study of Maytenus laevis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 5(1), 73-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7033668/
[3] Malaník, M., Treml, J., Rjašková, V., Tížková, K., Kaucká, P., Kokoška, L., ... & Šmejkal, K. (2019). Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq.: phytochemistry and pharmacological activity. Molecules, 24(12), 2288.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31226757/
[10] Mark P. Simmons, Jennifer J. Cappa, Robert H. Archer, Andrew J. Ford, Dedra Eichstedt, Curtis C. Clevinger, Phylogeny of the Celastreae (Celastraceae) and the relationships of Catha edulis (qat) inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 48, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 745-757, ISSN 1055-7903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.039. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790308002170)
[11] Fresno State University: https://studentaffairs.fresnostate.edu/health/alcoholandotherdrugs/documents/drug%2520facts%2520bath%2520salts.pdf [Use VirusTotal.com to scan pfd's!]
[12] Zhang, L., Ji, M. Y., Qiu, B., Li, Q. Y., Zhang, K. Y., Liu, J. C., ... & Li, M. H. (2020). Phytochemicals and biological activities of species from the genus Maytenus. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 29(4), 575-606.
[13] Ascate-Pasos, M. E., Ganoza-Yupanqui, M. L., Suárez-Rebaza, L. A., León-Vargas, F. R., & Bussmann, R. W. (2022). Traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of Maytenus laevis Reissek. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 24, 1-19.
[14] Mouad, Hazar Abdul Razzaq. "Phytomedical studies on the Amazonian traditional medicine" Chuchuguasa"(Maytenus laevis Reissek)." (2016).
[15] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9461656/ Chavez, H., et al. "Friedelane triterpenoids from Maytenus macrocarpa." Journal of Natural Products 61.1 (1998): 82-85.
[16] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874390019300977
[17] Carmen Soto-Maldonado, BenjamÃn Fernández-Araya, Vicente Saavedra-Sánchez, Julissa Santis-Bernal, Lisette AlcaÃno-Fuentes, Alejandra Arancibia-DÃaz, MarÃa Elvira Zúñiga-Hansen, Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of Maytenus boaria leaves, recovery by infusion and solvent extraction, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 56, 2022, Pages 47-53, ISSN 0717-3458, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.02.002.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0717345822000069
[22] Sánchez Moreano, Jessica Paola, et al. "Plantas en la Biotecnología: Cultivos Tesoro de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana." (2024).
[23] Svobodová, Blanka. "Antimicrobial activity of Peruvian medicinal plants." (2006).
[24] Salazara, Alberto. "comparación de los usos del chuchuhuasi (Maytenus macrocarpa) entre indígenas Bora-Bora de Loreto." Revista de Fitoterapia 13.1 (2013): 61-69.
[25] Kalix, Peter. "Cathinone, a natural amphetamine." Pharmacology & toxicology 70.2 (1992): 77-86.
[26] Granara, Alberto AlcibÃades & Castillo, Casquero-Del & Mejia, Manrique. (2008). MAYTENUS KRUKOVII (CHUCHUHUASI) EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND CARDIAC FREQUENCY IN CONSCIOUS RATS. Revista Horizonte Médico. 8. 41-47.
[27] Khalil B, Rosani A, Warrington SJ. Physiology, Catecholamines. [Updated 2024 Dec 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/
[28] NIH: https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/synthetic-cathinones-bath-salts
[5] Balick, Michael J., and Paul Alan Cox. Plants, people, and culture: the science of ethnobotany. Garland Science, 2020.
[6] Tyler, Varro E, et al. Pharmacognosy 1988 (9th Edition)
[7] Swerdlow, Joel L. Nature's Medicine : Plants That Heal. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 2000.
[18] Montgomery, Pam. Plant spirit healing: a guide to working with plant consciousness. Inner Traditions/Bear & Co, 2008.
[19] Rain, M. S. (1992). Earthway: A Native American Visionary's Path to Total Mind, Body, and Spirit Health. Simon and Schuster.
[20] Garrett, Jasper Thomas, and Michael Tlanusta Garrett. Medicine of the Cherokee: The way of right relationship. Simon and Schuster, 1996.
[21] Heaven, Ross, and Howard G. Charing. Plant spirit shamanism: Traditional techniques for healing the soul. Simon and Schuster, 2006.
Encyclopedia Sources:
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytenus_macrocarpa
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytenus_senegalensis
Other resources:
M.A.P.S. Ethnobotanical Studies By Scholars
National Library Of Medicine https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
PubChem - pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov