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Gymnosporia cassinoides
Does Gymnosporia cassinoides produce cathinone?
Ezekiel 47:12 "And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine."
Nicknames: Prickly Currant[x];
Native Habitat: Canary Islands[5][6]
Ethnobotany: What is Ethnobotany? According to Stetson University, Ethnobotany is defined as: "The study of the practical uses of plants within a particular region or culture, focusing on traditional knowledge and customs regarding medicinal, religious, and other applications."(Via: Stetson.EDU) Ethnobotany has major biblical, cultural, and industrial implications. It's a pre-requisite to phytochemistry, as the two fields of study are closely related to one another and co-dependent. Having gotten the definition of Ethnobotany out of the way, let's delve into the ethnobotany of Gymnosporia cassinoides. Locals of the Canary islands have traditionally chewed the leaves of Gymnosporia cassinoides to alleviate fatigue.[6][5]
Classification:
Plant Family:
What is Phytochemistry? It has everything to do with the G. cassinoides strain being discussed on this blog. Phytochemistry is defined as: "Phytochemistry is the study of the chemistry of substances found in plants."(Via: https://ibs.upm.edu.my/content/phytochemistry-34443) See also: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/
Phytochemicals: What are Phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are miraculous drugs and medicines produced by plants(ethnobotanicals).[1][2][3][4] They are studied in the laboratory for their complex medicinal properties.[1][2][3][4] If you're still confused about what a phytochemical is, please see my blog titled: difference-between-research-chemicals-and-phytochemicals.html
The Hunt For More Cathinone Producing Ethnobotanicals: "A strong correlation was found between the geography of the species sampled and their inferred relationships. Species of Maytenus and Gymnosporia from different regions were resolved as polyphyletic groups. Maytenus was resolved in three lineages (New World, African, and Austral-Pacific), while Gymnosporia was resolved in two lineages (New World and Old World). Putterlickia was resolved as nested within the Old World Gymnosporia. Catha edulis (qat, khat) was resolved as sister to the clade of Allocassine, Cassine, Lauridia, and Maurocenia. Gymnosporia cassinoides, which is reportedly chewed as a stimulant in the Canary Islands, was resolved as a derived member of Gymnosporia and is more closely related to Lydenburgia and Putterlickia than it is to Catha. Therefore, all eight of these genera are candidates for containing cathinone- and/or cathine-related alkaloids."[5]
Pharmacological / Medicinal Properties:
Mixes well with:
O.G. Observations:
Other strains that I will investigate: Gymnosporia jinyangensis, Gymnosporia orbiculata, Gymnosporia acuminata, Gymnosporia addat, Gymnosporia alaternifolia, Gymnosporia andongensis, Gymnosporia annobonensis, Gymnosporia arbutifolia, Gymnosporia arenicola, Gymnosporia bachmannii, Gymnosporia bailadillana, Gymnosporia baumii, Gymnosporia benguelensis, Gymnosporia beniensis, Gymnosporia berberoides, Gymnosporia bonii, Gymnosporia brevipetala, Gymnosporia buchananii, Gymnosporia buxifolia, Gymnosporia buxifolioides, Gymnosporia capitata, Gymnosporia cassinoides, Gymnosporia chevalieri, Gymnosporia commiphoroides, Gymnosporia cortii, Gymnosporia crataegina, Gymnosporia crenata, Gymnosporia devenishii, Gymnosporia dhofarensis, Gymnosporia divaricata, Gymnosporia diversifolia, Gymnosporia drummondii, Gymnosporia elliptica, Gymnosporia emarginata, Gymnosporia engleriana, Gymnosporia falconeri, Gymnosporia forsskaoliana, Gymnosporia fruticosa, Gymnosporia gariepensis, Gymnosporia glaucophylla, Gymnosporia gracilipes, Gymnosporia gracilis, Gymnosporia grandifolia, Gymnosporia grossularia, Gymnosporia gurueensis, Gymnosporia hainanensis, Gymnosporia harenensis, Gymnosporia harlandii, Gymnosporia harveyana, Gymnosporia heterophylla.
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Academic citations:
[1] National Library Of Medicine: Dietary Phytochemicals in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Applications—A Comprehensive Review | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11922683/ | PMCID: PMC11922683 PMID: 40115248
[5] Phylogeny of the Celastreae (Celastraceae) and the relationships of Catha edulis (qat) inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18550389/
[6] Colorado State University: https://cnslc.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2018/10/Tembrock-et-al.-2017-cathine.pdf [Use VirusTotal.com to scan PDF's!]
[2] Balick, Michael J., and Paul Alan Cox. Plants, people, and culture: the science of ethnobotany. Garland Science, 2020.
[3] Tyler, Varro E, et al. Pharmacognosy 1988 (9th Edition)
[4] Swerdlow, Joel L. Nature's Medicine : Plants That Heal. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 2000.
Encyclopedia Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporia_cassinoides
Other resources:
M.A.P.S. Ethnobotanical Studies By Scholars
National Library Of Medicine https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
PubChem - pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov